日本一级特黄大片本道|AV在线免费网站|91在线无码精品国产|大香蕉国视频欧美看久草|小黑妹黄色片日夜夜香蕉视频|色婷婷欧美红桃免费在线观看|日韩激情四射的视频|欧美日韩成人爱情四季网站在线网站|亚洲欧美三页久婷|片在线看无码免费

當(dāng)前位置: 首頁 > 自學(xué)考試 > 自學(xué)考試模擬試題 > 自學(xué)高教自考英語翻譯方法

自學(xué)高教自考英語翻譯方法

更新時間:2009-10-19 15:27:29 來源:|0 瀏覽0收藏0

自學(xué)考試報名、考試、查分時間 免費(fèi)短信提醒

地區(qū)

獲取驗(yàn)證 立即預(yù)約

請?zhí)顚憟D片驗(yàn)證碼后獲取短信驗(yàn)證碼

看不清楚,換張圖片

免費(fèi)獲取短信驗(yàn)證碼

自學(xué)高教自考英語翻譯方法
 
英語翻譯課程學(xué)習(xí)方法

    一、傳統(tǒng)教材與新教材的關(guān)系從今年始,英漢互譯的自學(xué)考試將由全國高等教育自學(xué)考試指導(dǎo)委員會統(tǒng)一組織實(shí)施和管理。這對統(tǒng)一全國考生的要求,提高翻譯實(shí)踐能力和水平都是件好事。目前,相關(guān)的統(tǒng)編教材,由莊繹傳所編寫的《英漢翻譯教程》已出版發(fā)行。這本教材采用了與傳統(tǒng)教材不一樣的編寫思路。不再是以詞、句為單位進(jìn)行翻譯方法,如直譯、意譯等方法及詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,增詞、減詞之類的技巧進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),而是直接進(jìn)入篇章,以各種文體的篇章為單位進(jìn)行練習(xí)。這是一種創(chuàng)新,是有助于提高考生實(shí)際翻譯能力的。因?yàn)槲覀冊诜g實(shí)踐中很少情況只是譯詞或譯句,而是篇章的翻譯。所以,這將更接近于我們的工作實(shí)際了。但這也會為初學(xué)翻譯的學(xué)生帶來一些不利條件,那就是對翻譯的基本方法與技巧缺乏認(rèn)識。所以在新教材的第404 頁“有關(guān)說明與實(shí)施要求”中提到參考書,明確指出由張培基等人編寫的《英漢翻譯教程》(上海外語教育出版社)一書,以及呂瑞昌等人編寫的《漢英翻譯教程》(陜西人民出版社)一書仍是重要的參考書,我認(rèn)為作為初學(xué)翻譯的同志這兩本書是一定要看一看的。當(dāng)然這兩本教材也有其明顯的不足,即僅以詞、句為單位探討翻譯,而沒有進(jìn)入篇章的層次。我們?nèi)绻褍煞N教材結(jié)合起來,以老教材為輔,以新教材為主,會有較好的成效。

    二、篇章翻譯的幾個問題首先,凡是一個篇章,就會遇到文體的問題,就是我們必須明確我們所要譯的文章是文學(xué)作品還是科學(xué)、法律方面的文章,是一篇簡介性的文字還是一篇講演詞。因?yàn)椴煌捏w的文章在表現(xiàn)形式上是很不一樣的,如法律文體有一些法律常用詞語,科技也會各自有一些專門術(shù)語,應(yīng)用文有時有嚴(yán)格的格式要求,文學(xué)則更為復(fù)雜,因?yàn)槠渲袑υ挘枋?,心理描寫,景物或人物描寫又各有不同。議論文句式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語言正式,長句較多,等等,這在遣詞用句上都有差異。這本教材在P395頁“課程內(nèi)容與考核目標(biāo)”都有粗略的說明。請學(xué)員認(rèn)真看一下,并可結(jié)合其他有關(guān)參考書豐富其內(nèi)容,以便有更好的掌握。

    其次是語域問題。

    所謂“語域”(register)是指具有某種具體用途的語言變體,我們可以從交際領(lǐng)域、交際方式和交際關(guān)系把語言分成不同的語域,如從交際雙方的社會地位和社會關(guān)系來說,英語可以分為冷漠體,正式體,商量體,隨便體,親密體等五種,如果從交際領(lǐng)域來分又可以分成正式體,半正式體,公共核心體,半非正式體,非正式體等。不同的語域語言變體彼此是有區(qū)別的,如果用幾個簡單的例子來說明一下就會看得很清楚。如“湯姆病了,今天沒去上學(xué)”,如果說Tom didn't go to school ,becausehe was ill. 這就是一句公共核心語,而如果說Tom was ill ,so he didn't go to school.這就是口語體,即非正式語體,如果說:Being ill ,Tom didn't go to school 或Tom didn't go to schoolbecause of illness. 都是正式語體(當(dāng)然這句話的內(nèi)容用這種句式表達(dá)并不合適)。從中我們可以看到用原因從句的表達(dá)方式是比較正常的,用so連接的句子顯得不怎么正式,用抽象名詞和分詞短語的形式都顯得十分正式。另外有些表示相同意思的不同表示形式也有語域方面的區(qū)別。如according to和inaccord ance with,前者為公共核心語,而后者為正式用語,It is important 和It is of importance相比,也是前者為公共核心語,而后者為正式體。甚至連冠詞的用法都可以表示這種區(qū)別,The horseis a useful animal;A horse is a useful aninal;Horses are useful animals.第一種用定冠詞加單數(shù)名詞表示類屬的是正式用法,而用不定冠詞加單數(shù)名詞表示類屬的則為公共核心語,最后一種,復(fù)數(shù)泛指的類屬表示法則為非正式語體。所以,我們在接觸一個篇章時,弄清它的語域情況是十分重要的。因?yàn)檫@將決定我們在翻譯時如何選詞組句,例如,我們看到下面一個句子:After an hour of climbing,we finally found ourselue's at zhurong Peak,the very apex of Mt ,Hengshan,towering 1,296m above the sea level.我們可以從after ……climbing這種動名詞用法看出比較正式,它不是用短句表示(After we had climbed for an hour),如用短句則顯得更為常見的公共核心語體,另外,apex,頂峰,巔峰,與之同義的詞還有summit,top 等詞,但apex更為典雅,正式程度高于summit,更高于top.再有towering這一分詞的使用,也說明其正式性,不是用短句(it towers 1 ,296m above sealevel )。那么,我們在翻譯這句時則用比較正式的語言,如可譯為:“一小時后,我們終于登上高達(dá)海拔1296公尺的衡山之巔祝融峰?!倍蛔g作:“我們爬了一個鐘頭,終于到了祝融峰的山頂,它是衡山的最高峰,有1296公尺”。

    一般情況,法律、科技、報道,講演詞,政論文等都比較正式,而小說中文體,語域最復(fù)雜,要視情況而定,不可一概而論。關(guān)于這方面的更多內(nèi)容可以參閱一些關(guān)于文體學(xué),語義學(xué)等方面的書。

    最后,談一下語篇的銜接和連貫問題。信息的傳遞一般都遵循由已知信息引導(dǎo)出未知信息的,表示已知信息(舊信息)的部分叫主位,(theme )表示未知信息的部分叫述位,(rheme )而主述位的不斷推進(jìn)是有一定規(guī)律的,如果破壞了這種規(guī)律,語言就不那么順,也就是破壞了銜接與連貫。例如:At noon ,we picnicked in a dense forest,through which ran a murmuring creek.The waterwas so clear that we could see reflections of bamboos and trees and soft lazy clouds driftingacross the sky. 我們可以看出原文從時間(中午)引導(dǎo)出一系列新的信息,其中上文提到的那一天,在此說“中午”這一時間時可視為已知信息。在新信息中提到了密林中的野炊,林中有小溪,而第二句話用“溪水”來引導(dǎo),因第一句中提到小溪,故在第二句中“溪水”當(dāng)然已成已知信息了,它又引出一系列新的信息。所以,我們在翻譯時也應(yīng)如此。可譯為:“正午時分,我們野宴于密林深處,林中小溪潺潺流過,溪水清冽,岸邊竹樹,天上閑云,盡映水底。”這種譯文就意思上連貫,讀起來順暢。如果破壞了這種規(guī)律,情況就不同了。例如:We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We havecome to dedicate a portion of the fied,as a final resting place for those who here gave theirlives that that nation might live.It is a Hogether fitting and proper that we should do this.原文中均以we(我們)作為已知信息,引導(dǎo)出不同的新的信息。所以,我們在譯時不應(yīng)破壞它。而有的譯文則沒有遵守,譯為:我們在這場戰(zhàn)爭中的一個偉大戰(zhàn)場上集會。烈士們?yōu)槭惯@個國家能夠生存下去而獻(xiàn)出了自己的生命,我們在此集會是為了把這個戰(zhàn)爭的一部分奉獻(xiàn)給他們作為最后安息之所。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)該而且非常恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?BR>
    這樣讀起來就不順,因?yàn)檫@段都是在講“我們”應(yīng)如何,如何,中間突然插進(jìn)一個“烈士們”,有些突兀,故應(yīng)改為:我們在這場戰(zhàn)爭的一個偉大戰(zhàn)場上集會,是為了把戰(zhàn)場的一角奉獻(xiàn)給那些為捍衛(wèi)國家生存而在這里英勇獻(xiàn)身的烈士,作為他們的永久安息之地。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)?,是義不容辭的。

    這樣才合乎信息傳遞的習(xí)慣。由于這方面的問題還有很多,所采取的模式也有好幾種,不能一一列舉,如果有的人感興趣,可以看一看有關(guān)篇章語言學(xué)和有關(guān)語篇銜接與連貫方面的語言學(xué)書籍。

    鑒于《英漢翻譯教程》一書有關(guān)這方面的內(nèi)容沒有提及,而我又認(rèn)為以上幾點(diǎn)很重要,故此多說了幾句。當(dāng)然,有關(guān)篇章的翻譯問題還有一些,如作品或作者的風(fēng)格問題,但這些問題較為復(fù)雜,也不對本科自考生做過高要求,就不贅述了。

    三、關(guān)于漢譯英中的對原文理解問題新教材的特點(diǎn)是把英譯漢與漢譯英綜合在一張?jiān)嚲砩峡?,但對英澤漢要求比漢譯英要求高一些。這是可以理解的。但對于漢譯英問題,《教程》指出“漢譯英時,原文是漢語,理解一般不構(gòu)成很大問題?!边@是很容易產(chǎn)生誤導(dǎo)的。其實(shí),我們說漢語容易理解是指交際中的理解,它與翻譯中的理解很不相同,翻譯中的理解要深得多,透得多才行,否則極易譯錯。所以,我想提醒考生在漢譯英時,對漢語原文一定要仔細(xì)思考才行,不可以以為一望便知,動手便譯。如我們舉一個小例子,來看一看漢譯英時理解的困難。

    例如,我國一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在談到對臺政策時,曾說過一句話:“大陸和中國臺灣統(tǒng)一后,大陸不派人去,軍隊(duì)不去,行政人員也不去,中國臺灣的黨、政、軍都由中國臺灣自己管起來?!边@句話一聽似乎就懂,但一旦動筆來譯,情況就不同了,其中“不派人去”的“人”該怎么譯?總不能譯為people或persons 吧!那又是什么呢?這時必須認(rèn)真思考,參照上下文,根據(jù)講話人的身份(是黨的領(lǐng)袖人物),下文中“黨、政、軍”與上文中的“軍隊(duì)不去,行政人員也不去”相對照,可以斷定“人”應(yīng)是指“黨方面的代表性人物”,故可譯為representatines of the Communist Party. 再如在全國英語(專業(yè))八級考試中有一處寫徐霞客的文章,說:“他常選擇不同的時間和季節(jié)多次重游各地名山,反復(fù)觀察變換的奇景”。初學(xué)者往往字對字的翻譯。如“挑選”譯為choose,或select,“時間”譯為time. 實(shí)際上,這種情況,“挑選”可不譯為動詞,而“時間”根據(jù)上下文則為“一日中的不同時刻”。所以這句話應(yīng)譯為He visitedand revisited the famous mountains all over the country in different hours of a day and differentseasons of a year to observe the ever -changing scenes.另外,選擇譯詞時一定要吃透原文的上下文,不急于立即確定譯詞。例如,下面一句:三年前,他因參與了盜竊團(tuán)伙而被判刑三年,在勞改農(nóng)場,因表現(xiàn)突出被提前一年釋放。

    我們的學(xué)生一看到“被判刑三年”馬上就選擇了be sentenced to 3 years' imprisonment.這類短語,而不注意下文的“在勞改農(nóng)場”。實(shí)際上這句話已告訴你他判的“刑”不是“坐牢”(imprisonment)而是“勞改”,(reform through labour )。另外,句中“在勞改農(nóng)場”一語也會被初學(xué)者直接譯為on the reform farm,而實(shí)際上,根據(jù)上下文來看,這一段(包括這句話的更大的上下文)都是以“時間”為主線的,所以這個短語也應(yīng)從時間著眼來考慮,應(yīng)譯為when the worked on the reform farm.這樣體現(xiàn)的是他在農(nóng)場的那段時間,而非地點(diǎn)。故此這句話應(yīng)譯為:Three years ago ,he was arrestedand sentenced to three years' reform through labour.When he worked on the reform farm ,hebe haved himself so well that he got released one year earlier. 值得一提的是,我們在be sentencedto前又加了一個動詞,be arrested ,這是因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z中直接說be sentenced to 令人感到太突兀。在英語中這個詞前常加上一個詞,如be tried and sentenced to ……等。當(dāng)然,這方面對初學(xué)者來說就較難一些了,暫不作要求。但卻可以讓同學(xué)們留心觀察一些英語詞匯的用法特點(diǎn)。

    實(shí)際上,中國學(xué)生在進(jìn)行翻譯實(shí)踐時,理解問題出得多的并不是英譯漢,而恰恰是漢譯英。當(dāng)然,漢譯英的表達(dá)就更有難度了。因篇幅所限不再多說。

    四、如何使用新教程,并抓住難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)看慣傳統(tǒng)翻譯教材的學(xué)生看不慣這本教程,就是沒接觸過翻譯教材的學(xué)生也不知該怎樣使用新教材,更談不上該怎樣把握其難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)了。

    下面根據(jù)我個人的看法,談一談該如何使用新教材和如何把握難點(diǎn)以及重點(diǎn)。

    1 、翻譯課不同于其他一些課程,它不僅是一些知識,更在于能力的培養(yǎng)上。這就是翻譯的實(shí)踐性。這就要求學(xué)習(xí)者一定親自動手。這本書共分十個單元,有三十個課文,其中英譯漢占三分之二(計(jì)20篇),漢譯英占三分之一(計(jì)10篇),此外還有一些供練習(xí)的原文,沒有附參考譯文、而前面的三十篇雙語閱讀則附有參考譯文。學(xué)習(xí)者可以根據(jù)文后提示,即介紹某文體特點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯練習(xí),但先不去參考所提供的譯文,待自己譯好后再去對照,這樣極易找出自己譯文的差距與不足。然后思考一下為什么自己的譯文不好,問題存在在哪兒?這樣經(jīng)過一段學(xué)習(xí)、實(shí)踐能會有較大提高,對自己存在的問題會更清楚。對沒有附譯文的短文翻譯練習(xí)也要做,如不知自己做得如何,可以通過社會助學(xué),請教老師,或與別人共同商討等方法來解決。因?yàn)榭荚嚨亩涛暮芸赡軓臅饣蜻@部分中選題。

    2 、認(rèn)真研究“提示”和“解說”及“小結(jié)”的內(nèi)容。應(yīng)一句一句地仔細(xì)琢摸,一個詞一個詞地思考,我們細(xì)心的學(xué)生會注意到,考試題是以句子為主的,而大部分要從書上選擇句子,而這部分又恰是翻譯的難點(diǎn),是極易成為考試的具體內(nèi)容的。當(dāng)然,我們并不是為了應(yīng)付考試才關(guān)注這些內(nèi)容的,主要是因?yàn)樗鼈円彩欠g實(shí)踐中常會出現(xiàn)問題的地方。

    3 、關(guān)于翻譯理論和語言對比。

    該書“關(guān)于命題考試的若干規(guī)定”中說得十分清楚。即“關(guān)于英漢語對比和翻譯理論的考題不超出《英漢翻譯教程》的范圍?!币簿驼f,只要認(rèn)真把書中這部分的內(nèi)容好好地看一看,這項(xiàng)分?jǐn)?shù)就是十拿九穩(wěn)的。但這部分內(nèi)容也較雜亂,看書應(yīng)細(xì),可以按教材P401頁的順序去復(fù)習(xí)。如果介紹的內(nèi)容是英語原文的節(jié)選,則一定首先把其意義理解。

    4 、認(rèn)真研究每單元的考核要求在教材的P395頁的“課程內(nèi)容與考核目標(biāo)”中,作者已將每單元的考核要求明確列出,所以,我們在做翻譯實(shí)踐練習(xí)時,先應(yīng)看一看這里的內(nèi)容,弄清重點(diǎn)和要點(diǎn)。做到練習(xí)時更具針對性。也對應(yīng)試有好處。

    但這里所提示的一些要求有時失之過簡,學(xué)員可以再找一些其他相關(guān)參考書,補(bǔ)充和系統(tǒng)某項(xiàng)知識。例如,第四單元中考核要求中提到“數(shù)字的譯法”一項(xiàng),可教程中所提供的內(nèi)容并不全面,也不夠系統(tǒng),這時,你可以找一些相關(guān)的書來補(bǔ)充它,完善它,使自己在這一方面會有更大的收獲。

    如,數(shù)字大小的表示法,數(shù)的增減以及倍數(shù)表示法,分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法等,都應(yīng)一并掌握,最好作出筆記,以備復(fù)習(xí)。尤其應(yīng)注意一些特殊的表示法,例如英語中常用“減少(縮小)……倍”的用法,而漢語卻沒有,這時應(yīng)用漢語的習(xí)慣表示法表示。如:Switching time of the new type transistoris shortened 3 times. 如果譯為:“新型晶體管的開關(guān)時間縮短了三倍?!边@是不合漢語習(xí)慣的,因?yàn)闈h語的“倍”只用于“增加”“增長”之類,這時應(yīng)改為:新型晶體管的開關(guān)時間縮短了三分之二,或“……縮短到三分之一。”

    類似這些英漢語差異性較大的地方也往往是重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。

    總之,英漢與漢英翻譯是一種綜合能力的檢驗(yàn),絕不是讀一本翻譯教程書就可以有多大提高的,每個人都應(yīng)從其他各門學(xué)科,包括英語的各門課程中去吸取知識,提高能力,提高各方面的文化素質(zhì),才能以不變應(yīng)萬變,立于不敗之地。

    定語從句:定語從句是由一些關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句組成,用來修飾名詞中心詞。

    Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around the worldto produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we canexpect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place.皮而森匯集了……生產(chǎn)出獨(dú)特的千年歷,這種千年歷(它)能夠……

    定語的翻譯要特別注意位子上的變化,即:如果是單詞修飾名詞就放在中心詞的前面,這和漢語的詞序是一樣的;如果定語太長,定語就要放在中心詞的后面,這時就要注意斷句,重復(fù)先行詞,例如:1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在學(xué)英語的問題上,我和你有同樣的問題。

    2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不錯。

    3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 這的確是一個非常棘手的問題。

    4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 別的知道這個秘密的人就是他的父母。

    5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students whoadvise the academic authorities 有效的維持紀(jì)律通常是由一些學(xué)生來做的,而這些學(xué)生則負(fù)責(zé)給學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)提建議。

    6.The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting a d fishing during the lastIce Age which began about 35,00 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.作出這些刻記的游牧人,依靠狩獵和捕魚生活在冰河時代的晚期。這段時期大約始于公元前35,000 年而結(jié)束于公元前10,000 年。

    7. For several hundred years, cases have been reported of children who have beenreared in the wild by animals kept isolated from all social contact.在過去的幾百年中,已經(jīng)有記載說,確實(shí)有被動物養(yǎng)大的與世隔絕的狼孩的存在。

    另外,翻譯成漢語時還要注意未省略關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的定語從句,翻譯時所遵守的原則和上述的一樣:關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:8.He is the very person (whom) I‘m looking for.他正是我要找的人。

    9.This is the flexible policy that our government has pursued consistently. 這就是我們政府一直追求的靈活政策。

    10.Those whose families cannot afford board and expenses can be allowed to receivescholarship.那些家里提供不起食宿的學(xué)生可以得到獎學(xué)金。

    11.There are forms that occasionally occur which should not be taught to students.有些形式是不能告訴給學(xué)生的。

    關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:12.I took Mr. John to the village , where I had spent mycarefree childhood. 我把約翰先生帶到我度過無憂無慮童年的鄉(xiāng)村。

    13.I still remember the time when we studied in the same university.我還記得我們一起上大學(xué)的日子。

    具體翻譯來說,定語從句的翻譯可分為限制性和非限制性定語從句兩種,翻譯成漢語時不論是在語序方面還是重復(fù)先行詞方面都有一定的講究:

    限制性定語從句的翻譯可分為以下幾方面:1.前置:這種定語從句一般比較短,翻譯起來比較方便,和漢語的詞序完全一樣,例如:a.This is the finest weather that I have ever seen thismonth.這是這個月我所看到的最好的天氣。

    b.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 我們兩國是友誼長存的友好鄰邦。

    c.Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests.老師通常喜歡考試中成績好的學(xué)生。

    d.他不是一個輕易服輸?shù)娜薍e is not the one who will give up easily.

    以上的這些例子告訴我們,如果定語很短的話,我們可以把他象漢語一樣放在中心詞的前面。但是,有的時候,如果定語太長,讀起來就不符和漢語的習(xí)慣,因此,往往要后置,重復(fù)先行詞,這就是下面要提到的定語從句的“后置”問題,例如:

    2.后置:a. Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only aftertheir death.吝嗇鬼經(jīng)常是看起來年很孤單、不為人所主意,可他們的財富只有等到他們死了以后才暴露出來。

    3.“綜合性”的翻譯法。

    綜合性“的翻譯就是,翻譯時不需要關(guān)系詞,其中的關(guān)系完全靠上下文的意思來表現(xiàn)出來,例如:a.This is the place where the accident occurred.這就是發(fā)生交通事故的地方。

    b.The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor. 他的鄰居把信交給了他。

    c. There is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village.村子前面有棵大象樹d.Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly,honestly, and frankly about their trouble. 大多數(shù)病人想找人坦率、誠實(shí)地傾訴他們的苦衷。

    非限制性定語從句:這里,也可以分為以下幾種:1.前置:a. We need a chairman , in whomeveryone has confidence 我們需要一個人人都信賴的主席。

    b.The worldly well-known actor, who had been ill for two years , meet thunderstormapplause when reappeared on the stage.那個病了很多年的著名演員,一上臺觀眾就報以雷鳴般的掌聲。

    c. Piccaso, whose works inspired many artists, lived until he was a ripe old age.畢加索的作品曾鼓勵了很多人,后來年紀(jì)很大時,作品也日趨成熟。

    2.后置:這里包括:重復(fù)先行詞,譯成并列分句。這是比較常見的翻譯方法:

    a.He deposits a little sum of money in the bank , by which means he hopes to dealwith any potential emergency easily.我們每個月都在銀行里存一些錢,這樣,碰到有任何危機(jī)時,我們就可以應(yīng)付了。

    b. A table has four legs, one of which is broken.桌子有四條腿,其中的一條腿是壞的。

    c. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems , of which obtainingwater is not the least. 生活在澳大利亞中部有很多問題,其中取水還不算最艱苦的。

    d.He decided to resign, which is the best thing he could do under the circumstances.他決定辭職,而這是他目前所能做的最好的事。

    e.He is late for class today, as is often the case.他今天遲到了,而這是經(jīng)常的事。

    以上的句子在翻譯成漢語后,要重復(fù)先行詞。其中的“which ”可以是指前面的整個句子,也可以單指某個先行詞。

    3.省略先行詞這種句行就象前面講的“綜和性”翻譯一樣,直接把整個句子的意思講出來,例如:a.The two universities signed an agreement, under which they would exchange studentsand scholars. 這兩個大學(xué),簽定了協(xié)議,決定交換學(xué)生和學(xué)者。

    b.He caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse , whose face turned pale fortoo much loss of blood. 他看見一個士兵走進(jìn)農(nóng)舍,臉色因失血過多而蒼白。

    c. He passed the exam , which can be read from his the light on his face.我從他臉上就可以看出他已通過了考試。

    d. He arrived at the railway station in time, which is expected .他果然準(zhǔn)時到了火車站。

    4.譯成狀語從句有些作定語的句子聽起來卻有點(diǎn)象狀語從句,因此翻譯時可以將其譯成狀語似的從句:a.You should take advantage of the opportunity to learn English well, which is veryvaluable. (原因)

    你應(yīng)該利用這個機(jī)會好好學(xué)習(xí)英語,這太重要了。

    b.We examine the quality of our products, which is why they are so reliable. (原因)

    我們檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品很仔細(xì),因此產(chǎn)品都很可靠。

    c.I never believe the stories , which is appealing.(讓步)

    我從不相信他所說的故事,即使它很動聽。

    5.“as”引導(dǎo)的句子:除了以上這些例子以外,還有一些特殊的由“as”引導(dǎo)的句子,翻譯時可參考“as”的比較結(jié)構(gòu)從句:a. He is not such as fool as he looks 他并不象看上去的那么傻。

    b. They were not such questions as could easily be disposed of. 這些問題可不是那么容易就能處理好的。

    c. It wasn‘t such a good dinner as she had promised us.這頓飯可沒有她向我們說的那么好。

直譯與意譯

    直譯是基礎(chǔ),意譯是補(bǔ)充能直譯就盡量直譯,不能直譯就采取意譯

    1. Their accent couldn‘t fool a native speaker. A. 他們的口音不能愚弄本地人B.本地人是不會聽不出他們是外鄉(xiāng)人的。

    C.本地人一聽他們的口音便知道他們是外鄉(xiāng)人的。

    2. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful , nor is it a wayto make social problems evaporate.意譯:砸鏡子并不能解決實(shí)際問題。

    直譯:砸鏡子并不能使丑八怪變漂亮,也不能使社會問題煙消云散。

    3.He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach.直譯:他感到一陣恐懼涌上胃口意譯:他感到一陣恐懼涌上心頭

    4. He bent solely upon profit. A. 他只屈身與利潤之前B.只有利潤才使他低頭。

    C.他惟利是圖

    5. Would there be any possibility of having breakfast on the train before we are decantedin Munich ?

    A.當(dāng)我們在慕尼黑被騰出車廂之前有任何在火車上吃早飯的可能性嗎?

    B.我們在慕尼黑被騰出車廂之前,有可能在火車上吃早飯嗎?

    6. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.A.他找到工作的機(jī)會和當(dāng)選芝加哥市長的機(jī)會差不多B.他找到工作的機(jī)會簡直跟當(dāng)選芝加哥市長同樣困難。

    C.他找到工作的機(jī)會簡直微乎其微。

    正說與反說

    1.The administration was free corruption. 這屆政府沒有腐敗現(xiàn)象

    2. Wet paint. 油漆未干

    3.I remained confused about the problem.這個問題我還是不懂

    4. They are dependent on each other.他們誰也離不開誰

    5. He is far from what I expected.他遠(yuǎn)不是我想象的那樣。

    6. let bygones be bygones.既往不咎

    7. As was expected, he passed the exam easily. 果不出所料,他輕而易舉地通過了考試

    8.We will live up to what our Patty expects of us.我們決不辜負(fù)黨對我們的期望。

    9. I hate the lack of privacy in the dorrnitory.我討厭宿舍里沒有獨(dú)處的機(jī)會。

    10. You evidently think otherwise.你顯然有不同的看法

    11. He will die of hunger before he will steal. 他寧愿餓死,也不愿去偷。

    12. That little bridge is anything but safe.那座橋一點(diǎn)也不安全。

    13. So far from taking my advice, he went and did just what I warned in ~ainit.他不但不聽我的勸告,反而去做了我警告他不要做的事情。

    14. He was more frightened than hurt. 他沒有受什么傷,倒是受驚不小

    正說

    15. Don't unstring your shoes.把鞋帶系上

    16. Ml the teachers , without exception are to attend the meet Sunday. 所有的老師都要參加星期五的會議。

    17. She carne into the room without shoes on. 她光腳走進(jìn)了房間。

    18. The doctor lost no tune in getting the sick man to hospital.醫(yī)生立即把病人送往醫(yī)院。

    19. I have no doubt that you will succeed.我相信你會成功。

    20. It's no distance at all to the school , only a short walk. 從這到學(xué)校很近,只需要很短一段路。

    正、反說分析

    21.If he had kept his temper, the negotiations would probably have been a success.如果他克制脾氣,談判可能早就成功了。

    22.Some people refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will notbe welcome. 有些人不愿意表達(dá)他們的感激之情,因?yàn)橛X得著有可能不受歡迎。

    23. If you forward the transcripts yourself , they can be considered official onlyif the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果證件由申請人本人遞交,則本人不得擅自啟封,否則證件將被視為無效。

    24. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我們對生活要永遠(yuǎn)抱樂觀的態(tài)度。

    25. We strongly disapprove of the company' s new policy.我們強(qiáng)烈反對公司的策。

    拆句單詞拆譯26.Incidentally , I suggest that you have the telephone moved to thesitting-room. 順便說一句,我建議你把電話移至起居室。

    27.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有個習(xí)慣叫人受不了,意思反復(fù)不定,一會一個主張。

    短語拆譯28. Throughout his life , Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learningfrom human contacts as well as from books.本杰明。富蘭克林整個一生都在受教育,他不僅從書本中學(xué)習(xí),而且也從與人交往中學(xué)習(xí)。

    29. Energy can neither he created nor destroyed , a universally accepted law.能量即不能創(chuàng)造也不能消滅,這是一條公認(rèn)的規(guī)律。

    30. The meeting ended with protestations of friendship from everyone. 會議結(jié)束,人人表示彼此將友好相處。

    31. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因?yàn)樗麤]能遵守安全規(guī)則,機(jī)器出了故障。

    32. His weak chest predisposes him to winter colds. 他的肺部很弱,冬天容易感冒。

    33.He shook his head and his eyes were wide , then narowed in in-dignation.他搖了搖頭,兩眼睜的圓圓的,接著有瞇成一條線,臉上露出了憤怒的神情。

    句子拆譯這里主要指英語復(fù)合句,尤其是長句的拆譯。

    34. He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face.他留下一封段信,對我表示歡迎,那信寫的熱情洋溢,一如其人。

    35. While I was waiting to enter university , I saw advertised in a local newspapera teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. 當(dāng)我等著進(jìn)大學(xué)期間,我在一份地方報紙上看到一則廣告,說是在離我住處大約10英里的倫敦某郊區(qū),有所學(xué)校要招聘一名教師。

    順序法

    36. Your presumption that I would want to share a flat with you is false. 你認(rèn)為我會和你同住一套公寓,那就錯了 .

    37.Researchers have established that when people are mentally en-gaged, biochemicalchanges occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (認(rèn)知的) areassuch as attention and memory. 研究人員證實(shí):人們在動腦筋時,頭腦會產(chǎn)生很多的變化,使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域中更有效地活動

    38. During the ice ages , human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of thetime would often make their homes in caves. 在冰河時代,人們面臨當(dāng)時較為寒冷的氣溫,常常在洞穴里安家。

    逆序法

    39. It was extended and preserved in the 19th century , when our nation spread acrossthe continent , saved the union, and abolished the awful scourge of slavery.在19世紀(jì),我們的國家橫跨大陸,拯救了聯(lián)邦,廢除了恐怖的奴隸制的蹂躪,這一信念才得以流傳可擴(kuò)展。

    40.By January 16, just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitlerhad staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition , the German forces were backto line from which they had set out.到1 月16日,德軍又回到了他們當(dāng)初出擊的戰(zhàn)線,這恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、彈藥儲備孤注一擲、發(fā)動進(jìn)攻的一個月之后。

    41. Five score years ago, a great American , in whose symbolic shadow we stand by,signed the Emancipation Proclamation. 100 年前,一位偉人簽署了《奴隸解放宣言》,今天,我們正是站在這位偉人富有象征意義的雕象下集會。

    變序法(綜合法)

    42. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?

    我有個問題弄不懂,想請教你,你能回答嗎?

    43. He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that hadthe same name and from various names that had been given to the same substance. 藥名混亂,有的由于不同藥物同一名稱所引起,而有的則由于同一藥物不同名稱所造成,他對此一一作了澄清。

    44. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students' compositions in criticalred ink , the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two thingswhich have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them.一位老師這樣寫到:如果我們能從學(xué)生作文中找出一兩處比上次做的更好的地方,并提出表揚(yáng)性評語,而不是用紅墨水把學(xué)生的作文批改的一塌糊涂,我們就能從中的更富有建設(shè)性的結(jié)果。

    45. Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcendsthe virtue of uttering the truth for truth'5 sake , and that is as far as possible do noharm. 我們的職業(yè)傳統(tǒng)上格守一個信條,那就是盡可能的不造成傷害,這一信條勝過為講真話而講真話的美德。

    46. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday electionresults that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Patty of Tong-held superiority in the House.在一次記者招待會上,問題集中于昨天的選舉結(jié)果,總統(tǒng)就此發(fā)了言。他說他無法解釋為何共和黨遭到如此大的失敗。這種情況最終使共和黨在眾議院中失去了長期享有的優(yōu)勢。

    為何要拆句?

    47.Literature offers us the knowledge of the long life which phobia have had in mankind.文獻(xiàn)讓我們了解到,恐懼癥在人類中具有漫長的歷史。

    48.What is good , I suppose, is that many people a"e concerned about TV' s influenceand that we have the power to change what we don' t like. 我看,好在有許多人關(guān)心電視的影響,而我們也有能力改變我們所不喜歡的東西。

     英漢互譯時的詞序問題I.兩種語言的總體比較:一方面,英漢兩種語言都是按照事物發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律進(jìn)行的,因而有其共同點(diǎn),例如:In order to communicate thoughts and feelings , peopleinvented a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and thereceiver. (為了更好的交流思想和感情,人們設(shè)計(jì)出了通常用的標(biāo)記和符號系統(tǒng),而這標(biāo)記和符號交流雙方都能看的懂。)

    以上的幾個例句在英漢兩種語言里的詞序都是一樣的;而除此以外,還存在著很多不同點(diǎn)。另一方面,兩種語言又有許多不同點(diǎn)。下面就英漢兩種語言的不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較:漢語比較注重事物發(fā)展的客觀順序,先發(fā)生什么,后發(fā)生什么,結(jié)果怎樣,最后才加上作者的評論和觀點(diǎn),不管有多少動詞都可以并列、排比使用,不會出現(xiàn)詞法、句法等的沖突 .主題顯著,突出主題,而非單單的一個主語,注重句子的“意和”,這就要求我們透過句子的表層結(jié)構(gòu),深入到句子的內(nèi)涵,先抓“整體”印象,充分理解過以后再把原文的意思形象翻譯出來。

    而英語則不然,英語突出主語,往往是評論、觀點(diǎn)在前,敘述、原因在后;表面形式上追求句子的“形和”,對句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要求非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),特別強(qiáng)調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡,往往借助于句法、詞法(如主從句、分詞、不定式等手段)來維持句子表面上的平衡、完整性,極力避免句子的“頭重腳輕”(因此,也就出現(xiàn)了許多“it is said that …”等等無主句)。所以,英文則是把作者的觀點(diǎn)、主張放在前面,以后再跟著原因、結(jié)果和目的等等從句。這些現(xiàn)象在新聞英語里尤其明顯,難怪有人說,“漢語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好比一根竹子,一節(jié)一節(jié)地連下去,而英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好比一竄葡萄,主桿可能很短,累累的果實(shí)附著在上面?!本唧w情況如下:

    II. 英漢互譯時的時間順序?qū)Ρ龋?.The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing.Thisis, perhaps, a pity ,because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existedwhen shop keeper knew all his regular customers personally. 舊時的百貨店很快就消失了。過去,店主私下里都認(rèn)識他的老主顧們,而在今天這種事情再也不復(fù)存在了,這實(shí)在是太可惜了。

    2.American education owes a great deal to Tomas Jefferson ……

    托馬斯。杰弗遜為美國的教育作出了很大的貢獻(xiàn)。

    下面的句子屬倒裝句型,是典型的英漢在翻譯時的順序差異:

    1.Under the dust was a color map of Paris.(巴黎地圖上布滿了灰塵。)

    2.Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday. (卡片上“生日快樂”字樣的下面寫著一條消息。)

    正是由于以上的原因,才會出現(xiàn)兩種語言在思維習(xí)慣、邏輯推理上的不同:

    III.英漢互譯時邏輯思維順序上的差異:如上所述,如果一個句子里既有敘事的部分,又有表態(tài)的部分,在漢語里往往是敘事在前,表態(tài)在后,敘事部分可以很長,表態(tài)部分一般都很短。而在英語里則往往相反,表態(tài)在前,敘事在后。例如:1.表原因:a ……I am very happy and grateful to receiveyour message of greetings.接到你們的賀函,我十分愉快和感謝。

    不過,處理這種句行時要注意英漢互譯時的順序問題,例如:

    My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn't want to be considered foran administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a "stepup" toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power. 所有美國人受的教育就是:長大成人后應(yīng)該追求金錢和權(quán)力,而我卻偏偏不要明明是朝這個目標(biāo) "邁進(jìn)" 的工作,他對此大或不解。

    2.表目的The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding betweenthe two peoples.雙方同意,擴(kuò)大兩國人民之間的了解是可取的。

    3.表?xiàng)l件和結(jié)果時的順序:a.One can never succeed without making great 1(結(jié)果) 2(條件)

    efforts.譯文:(不努力就不會成功。)

    2 (條件) 1(結(jié)果)

    4.在表示讓步的句子里,通常也是原因在前,結(jié)果在后:Young as he is, he works hard.(盡管他很年輕,可他工作很買力。)

    另外:下面的這個句子也可以視為結(jié)果一類的句子,它的英漢兩種語言的順序很能說明問題:

    c.在當(dāng)今的教育界,已經(jīng)涌現(xiàn)出了大批的優(yōu)秀人才。

    Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in today‘s education circle.

    d. Little is known about the effect of life-long drinking.人們關(guān)于終生飲酒的效果卻知道的很少

    III.因語法手段而造成的英漢次序不一1.另外一些表示存在句的句子里也可見到大量的英漢次序不一的現(xiàn)象:There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness ; something very precious thathe wanted to hold seemed close to destruction.(他心里涌起一種難言的焦灼,因?yàn)樗瓉硪恢毕氡W〉臇|西現(xiàn)在好象要?dú)缌?。?BR>
    另外,英語里的有些形式主語也大都采用了倒裝詞序:2.無主句:It suddenly dawned on methat this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour , but barely chuggingalong at thirty.(后來,我才突然明白,這次快車并非以90英里的時速疾弛而下,而只不過是以30英里的時速慢慢向前行駛。)

    It is reported that …………

    3.在某些表示“融合性”的定語從句中:a.There are many people who want to see the film.(許多人要看這部電影)

    b.There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. (樓下有人要見你)

    4.倒裝句形a.Not a single word have we written down as yet.(否定)

    (我們連一個字都沒有寫。)

    b.Little does he realize the danger he is in(否定)

    (他一點(diǎn)都沒有意識到危險性。)

    IV. 因句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換而造成的詞序不一:Cold drinks will be available at the Sports Center.運(yùn)動中心也提供冷飲。(狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語)

    V.注意下面的一些特殊的結(jié)構(gòu):

    中國自從改革開放以來,發(fā)生了很大的變化。

    有人竟然翻譯成:1.誤:Since China ‘s policy of reform and opening, China has takenplace a great many changes.

    正:A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform andopening to the outside world.

    2.輪子是公元前六世紀(jì)發(fā)明的。

    600 B.C. saw the invention of wheel.

英漢互譯時的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

    I.英語的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的動詞:英漢兩種語言具有不同的辭語結(jié)構(gòu)。在漢語里,一個句子可以有多個動詞并排使用,不管有多少動詞,都可以按照先后的順序一個一個地排下去;而英語則是一門靜止的語言,在同等條件下,選擇用名詞的情況居多數(shù),例如:

    1.在名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞的句子中:a. My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tearson Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her(我星期三發(fā)現(xiàn)媽媽在流眼淚而感到震驚、尷尬,這就表明我對媽媽所承受的壓力知道的多么少。)

    在這個句子當(dāng)中,shock , embarrassment, index等等都是英語趨向于用名詞而不用動詞的最好例子b. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that areout of fashion and they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.(他們一想到在公共場穿不時髦的衣服,就感到渾身不自在,而一些商店和設(shè)計(jì)師們正是利用了他們的這種弱點(diǎn)。)

    c. As a boy and then as an adult, I never lost my wonder at the personality thatwas Einstein. (不論是在兒時還是長大以后,我一直都對愛因斯坦的人格感到很好奇。)

    d. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always to into raptures at the meremention of the country. (我的大多數(shù)朋友都住在城里,然而,他們只要一提起鄉(xiāng)村就欣喜若狂。)

    e. The availability of information on the INTERNET, for example, widens the possibilitiesof informal education immensely.(比如,由于人們能在INTERNET網(wǎng)上可以得到信息,這就大大擴(kuò)大了獲得非正規(guī)教育的可能性。)

    2.在一些特定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如:介詞+ 名詞= 副詞a. It is wise of him to deal with the delicateproblem with care and with calmness.(他很明智,在處理這一敏感問題時及盡仔細(xì)和謹(jǐn)慎。)

    b. Einstein watched it in delight , trying to deduce the operating principle.(愛因斯坦很欣喜地看著它,想推斷出其中的操作原理。)

    c. The soldier stared in surprise at the old farmer and the girl. (那個士兵很震驚地看著那個老農(nóng)夫和女孩。)

    d. The old man looked closely at the row of puddings with great interest(老人很感興趣地仔細(xì)打量起一排布丁。)

    3.由形容詞變成的名詞:這類詞通常都是表示一類人,如:the poor/ oppressed/ exploited4.在某些詞組中a. a good case in point after a while ,as a result ,at any rate ,break(burst ) into tears ,go into service ,in a sense in addition in exchange for,in otherwords in reality,out of place,run (fly )into rage take account of to certain extent tohis disappointment to one ‘s taste b. To his surprise, Mr. Beck failed to come as expected.(奇怪的是,貝克先生來晚了。)

    c. In all probability , I‘m sure that he’ll come.(我敢肯定,他完全可能來晚。)

    d. He has said in all seriousness that their performance is perfect.(他很正經(jīng)地說他們的演出很成功。)

    e. I saw a man walking across the road with the obvious intention of talking to me.(我看到一個人穿過大街,明顯地想跟我交談。)

    f. Of course, daydreaming is no substitute for hard work ……

    (當(dāng)然,白日夢不可能代替艱苦的工作。)

    另外,還有一些句子也大量用名詞而不用動詞,翻譯時要特別注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換,如:g. Thatwill help lead you to the attainment of your goals. (那會有助于你達(dá)到目標(biāo)。)

    h. But in combination with the more usual methods of self-development , it mightmake a critical difference. (但是,如果與通常的自我發(fā)展的方法相結(jié)合,他就能產(chǎn)生很大的不同。)

    i. He said that this exercise of privilege of high-rank government officials willproduce bad influence on people ‘s mind concerning our Party ’s image . (他說,政府高級官員濫用職權(quán),將會在人們的心目中產(chǎn)生很壞的影響,損壞黨的形象。)

    j. Those significant progress had been made in some industries, the general qualityof industrial products leaves much to be desired. (一些工業(yè)取得了長足的進(jìn)步,但是工業(yè)產(chǎn)品總的質(zhì)量還亟待提高。)

    k. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawnare obvious.(如果把男人和女人就流行款式方面作個比較,結(jié)論就很明顯了。)

    l. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on. (根據(jù)這些,他又提出了另外一些問題,如此等等。)

    6.在一些特定的詞組中或格式中也趨向于用名詞。

    a. be of(great )significance/ (little) use /(no) value/ (some) help / (vital)importance(很有意義的)/ 很有用的)/ 很有價值)/ (很有幫助)/ (很重要)

    b. My suggestion/ motion/ recommendation /idea

    is that he(should) go there 我建議(想,提議,認(rèn)為,主張)他去。

    7.在一些表示結(jié)果的特定詞組中如: be shocked into stillness(驚呆了)

    those people who toil to death(累得要命的人)

    bore somebody to death(枯燥得要死)

    be worried to death.(擔(dān)心得要命)

    8.英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,漢語里一個有主語有謂語可以獨(dú)立的分句,譯成英語可能就變成了一個名詞詞組,這就更說明了英語的名詞性特征。

    a. The outbreak of the civil war totally damaged his splendid dream of contributingwhat he had for his country.(戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)徹底破壞了他那為國奉獻(xiàn)一切的夢想。)

    b. The train was delayed by the heavy snowfall. (火車因?yàn)榉e雪而晚點(diǎn)。)

    II. 英語的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)反過來轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的名詞:一些由名詞派生的表示意愿、情緒等的動詞,在翻譯成漢語時往往還將其返回來譯成名詞:1. This course is intended to provide aid to thosewomen who , for this reason or that, fail to get the opportunity to receive education.(這門課的目的就是給那些因?yàn)榉N種原因沒有機(jī)會上學(xué)婦女們提供幫助。)

    2.A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like a millionaire , turned out to penniless. (那個穿著講究,外表和談吐都象百萬富翁的人卻身無分文。)

    3. Gordon Allport , an American psychologist , found nearly 18,000 English wordscharacterizing differences in people‘s behavior. (美國的心理學(xué)家高頓。愛爾波特發(fā)現(xiàn)有一萬個英語單詞可以用來表達(dá)人們行為的不同特征。)

    III.名詞轉(zhuǎn)移成形容詞:1. The speech presented by the visiting scholar left considerableexcitement in his mind(那位到訪學(xué)者的演講著實(shí)讓他感到很激動。)

    2. The room is small but very cozy and his satisfaction can be read from his face.(這間房間很小但很舒適,從他臉上一眼就可看出他很滿意。)

    IV. 其它詞匯的轉(zhuǎn)譯方法:1.介詞譯成動詞a. If it‘s academic success you’re after,you can ‘t neglect studying. (如果你追求學(xué)術(shù)上的成功,一定不能忽視了學(xué)習(xí)。)

    b. Those who are for the program please raise your hand.(同意這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人請舉手。)

    c. Will those in favor of the proposal come to attend the meeting next Saturday ?

    (贊成這項(xiàng)提議的人下星期六來開會好嗎?)

    d. It wasn‘t that I was after money. I just wanted to make sure that he was foundguilty again in the civil suit. (并不是因?yàn)槲蚁胍X,我只是想讓他即使是在民事案件方面也被判有罪。)

    2.副詞或形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞:a. In an overcrowded country, very few people own enoughto make them financially independent. 在一個人口過度稠密的國家里,很少有人能在財政上獨(dú)立。)

    b. To be economically prosperous, China will apply more flexible policies of openingto the outside. (為了能達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)上的繁榮,中國將實(shí)行更為靈活的開放政策。)

    c. Aside from offering financial support, work can keep us healthy not only physicallybut also mentally.(工作除了能給我們提供財政上的支持外,還能夠使我們在身體上和心理上保持健康。)

    一些短語中:To be mentally prepared …。,心理上做好準(zhǔn)備To be materially equipped………,物資上作好準(zhǔn)備During the politically eventful late-1960s…。,政治上正置多事之秋的60年代。

關(guān)于加詞、減詞等在翻譯時應(yīng)注意的問題。

    所謂加詞就是根據(jù)原文的思想內(nèi)涵透過文字表達(dá)上的表面現(xiàn)象,充分照顧到另一種語言的文法特征、描述規(guī)律,在將其翻譯成另一種語言時該加詞的地方加詞,該減詞的地方減詞,千萬不可以為了可以追求所謂的“精練、簡潔”而隨隨便便地減詞;也不可以離開原文,憑空膩測,隨隨便便加詞。具體地說:

    加詞:

    I.由于詞匯方面的原因而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象:1.加動詞由于英語是一門“靜止”的語言,在所有的詞匯當(dāng)中,用名詞的居多;而相比較而言,漢語則無此限制,不管有多少動詞都可以并排使用。因此,許多英語的名詞翻譯成漢語時都要加上一些動詞,否則,意思則很不完整,例如:a. But by 1981 hehad to have further surgery on his hand. And a month later, he suffered as stroke. (到了1981年,他的手不得不又做了一次手術(shù)。一個月以后,他又中風(fēng)了。)

    b. His speech in at the meeting turned out exert an stimulating effect on the mindof the people present that day. (他那天在會上所做的報告使所有在場的人深受鼓舞。)

    c. He maintain that only hard work and unswerving perseverance can lead to improvedperformance.(他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,只有通過勤奮工作加上不懈的努力才會取得好的成績。)

    d. The lives claimed by shoddy construction projects should be enough to put governmentsat all levels on the alert. (偽劣建筑奪取了很多人的生命,這一點(diǎn)足以使我們的各級部門提高警惕。)

    e. Efforts must be made to improve service for more than 1 million domestic and overseastourists. (為了一百萬的國內(nèi)外旅客的利益,我們一定為改善服務(wù)質(zhì)量而進(jìn)行努力。)

    f. You ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal.(你不應(yīng)該一吃過飯,馬上就去游泳,這是很不明智的。)

    2.加名詞:在漢語中,及物和不及物動詞的區(qū)別不是很明顯,有時所謂及物動詞后面的賓語如果上下文中能夠看的出,往往可以省略不說;而英語則不然。由于英語對及物動詞和不及物動詞的區(qū)別很明顯,因此翻譯成漢語時則很麻煩。特別是一些不及物動詞必須帶上它后面的賓語句子意思才能顯得完整。因此,我們在翻譯時往往就需要增補(bǔ)。

    a. Make a schedule or chart of you time and fill in committed time such as eating ,playing , meetings , classes, etc. (作一個時間表,然后,將吃飯、睡覺、開會、上課等等的時間填上。)

    b. It was two hours before the old couple mustered up enough courage to get up andcalled the police and they explained that they‘d done that after much deliberation.(直到兩個小時以后,那對老夫妻才有勇氣敢從床上爬起來給警察打電話,并解釋說那也是經(jīng)過仔細(xì)考慮才敢作的。)

    c.這見事?lián)f是一個組織嚴(yán)密團(tuán)伙干的。

    (The operation is believed to be the work of a well-organized organized group. )

    d.我是為友誼和求學(xué)而來。

    (I came here in the spirit of friendship and learning. )

    有時形容詞前面也可以加上名詞:e. His wife thinks that this furniture is too expensiveand , moreover looks very ugly.(他妻子認(rèn)為,這件家具價格昂貴而且外表難看。)

    f. I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation and itconfirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.(然后,我繼續(xù)裝著對這種事情很內(nèi)行的樣子,結(jié)果更使他們認(rèn)定我是一個名聲很壞的人。)

    有時,一些名詞或者數(shù)量詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式翻譯成漢語后前面也要加詞表示重疊:g. Thousands ofstudents from the city‘s colleges and universities jammed the railway station awaiting thearrival of their football team. (成千上萬的高校學(xué)生一起涌到火車站歡迎他們的足球隊(duì)凱旋。

    h. These she bought the medical supplies with the large sums of money given to herby many friends to help her in the Crimea (她用朋友們給她的一筆筆錢購買醫(yī)療設(shè)備。)

    i. To look after the hordes of sick men there were only a few old doctor who werehelpless before such scene of suffering and misery. (只有這些老醫(yī)生來照看一群群的傷員,他們在如此的痛苦、悲傷面前,顯得無可奈何。

    3.加代詞:這里的代詞主要是指作動詞賓語的代詞,因?yàn)橛⒄Z中的所有及物動詞都必須帶有賓語,所以漢語翻譯成英語時也需要增補(bǔ):a. If you like this novel , I can lend it to you.(如果你喜歡這本小說,我可以借給你。)

    b. I think she‘d appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more.(我覺得如果我們能幫她一把,她回很感激的。)

    c. Would you please look for the key once more? I remembered clearly putting it inthe drawer last time. (能不能再找一遍鑰匙?我記得上次放在抽屜里了。)

    4.加連詞和介詞:漢語可以通過上下文來連接句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,而英語則靠一些連接詞來完成:a. If you want to go, I would give you my advice that you take an umbrella.(你要去,我建議你別忘了帶把傘。)

    b. Since its opening five years ago , the shop has attracted a lot of customers.(這家商店五年前開業(yè)以來,吸引了大批顧客。)

    c. Since the beginning of this century, more and more scientists have become interestedin the way the human brain works. (本世紀(jì)以來,越來越多的科學(xué)家已經(jīng)開始對人腦活動的方式感興趣。)

    d. His friends asked him to write them as soon as he got there. (他的朋友要他到了那兒就給他們寫信。)

    e. He went so far as to cheat openly on test. (他居然敢公開作弊。)

    f. The factory has decided to mass-produce the equipment at a low cost. (這家工廠已經(jīng)決定低成本、大批量的生產(chǎn)這種儀器。)

    g. Why was he absent from school yesterday?

    (他昨天為什么不上學(xué)?)

    h. The older leader gave us the suggestion that we be free from arrogance and rashness.(老領(lǐng)導(dǎo)告戒我們要戒驕戒躁。)

    i. This , he said, deprived him of his civil rights , and he asked for $150,000in damages. (他說,這等于是剝奪了他的公民權(quán)力,因此申請$150,000 的賠償。)

    j. His marriage suffered and ended in divorce.(他的婚姻也受到影響,最后還是離了婚。)

    k. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute as settled.(幾輪會談以后,雙方認(rèn)為邊界問題可以解決了。)

    l. As her year as chief resident drew to a close, Mrs. White decided to specializein children ‘s diseases. (在她作住院總醫(yī)師要結(jié)束時,懷特太太決定專攻病理。)

    5.下面的一些句子則是為了修辭目的而加詞:a. He was sentenced as much as six monthsin jail for drunk driving.(他因酗酒駕駛而被判入獄半年。)

    b. As many as twenty people were killed in the accident yesterday.(二十個人在昨天的事故當(dāng)中喪生。)

    c. I came here as early as eight o‘clock this morning. (我今天八點(diǎn)鐘就來了。)

    6 . 在某些作定語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞有時需要加上:a. I‘d like to find someone toplay with (我想找人玩。)

    b. Would you please pass me a piece of paper to write on. (你能否遞張紙給我,我想寫點(diǎn)東西。)

    c. Totally alone in the room, her mother wanted to find someone to talk to (她媽媽覺得一個人在房間里太孤單了,想找個人說說話。)

    7.某些獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中:With a book in his hand , the teacher came into the class. (老師走了進(jìn)來,手里拿本書。)

    8.加副詞a. They started up into the sky until the noise of the rocket died away.(他猛地抬頭往天空看,直到火箭發(fā)射的聲音漸漸遠(yuǎn)去。)

    b. He stole a glance at the pretty girl walking alongside with him. (他偷偷地瞥了他一眼。)

    9.有時還要根據(jù)實(shí)際需要,加上一些表示“范疇”的詞,即表示籠統(tǒng)意思的單詞,意見、想法、道理等等。

    a. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of firstimportance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in day or swiftlyimprovised by a mere command of the will. (因此,對社會活動家來說,培養(yǎng)業(yè)余愛好和新的興趣就成為頭等重要的事情了。但這不是一蹴而就的事情,也不能單靠毅力就能臨時湊成。)

    b. A situation in which such a large number of students cheat openly on the exam andescape punishment is very dangerous and cannot last long(如此多的學(xué)生作弊,居然沒人管,是很危險的,也不可能持久。)

    c. So he began to study the children‘s responses in situation where no milk was provided(所以,他開始研究小孩子得不到牛奶時的反應(yīng)是什么樣的。)

    以上的幾句雖然沒有“局面”、“情況”等詞,但其意思卻已經(jīng)包含在了里面。如果不加上“policy”,“business”,“situation ”等詞,意思就不是很清楚,句子也不通順。

    II. 由于漢英結(jié)構(gòu)不同而造成的加詞現(xiàn)象:

    1.由上下文的邏輯關(guān)系而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象:句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面:a. In most cases, this actionwill produce results. However , if it does not , there are various means the consumer mayuse to gain satisfaction. (在大多數(shù)情況下,這樣做有一定效果。如果還不行,顧客可以采取許多措施直至滿意為止。)

    b. They illustrate, for one thing, the underlying American faith that our futurerests on the way our children turn out, and that a basic way to affect children‘s developmentis through their education. (有一點(diǎn),他們表明了美國人內(nèi)心深處的一個信念,那就是,我們的孩子如何成長將決定我們的未來,而影響他們發(fā)展的一個基本途徑就是通過教育。)

    c. That men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. (人類已經(jīng)從動物的行為中學(xué)到了很多東西的說法并不是什么新鮮事。)

    下面的例句都是一些需要加關(guān)系代詞的現(xiàn)象:d. He passed the exam , which can be readfrom his the light on his face. (我從他臉上就可以猜出他已通過了考試。)

    e. He was late on that very morning for the interview , which totally damaged thepossibilities of promotion. (他偏偏在面試的那天早晨遲到,結(jié)果喪失了一次晉升的絕好機(jī)會。)

    f. As is expected , he arrived at the railway station in time. (他果然準(zhǔn)時到了火車站)

    2.在無主句、存在句或一些祈使句中中加主語。

    因?yàn)樵谶@些句子中,主語雖然沒有表示出來,但卻早已隱含在句子里面;加上英語對句子表面上的結(jié)構(gòu)要求非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),因此在漢語翻譯成英語時往往要加上省略的部分(主語)意思才能完整,例如:a.進(jìn)行社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)必須尊重知識、尊重人才。

    (In our drive for socialist modernization, we must respect knowledge and talentedpeople. )

    b.你還是帶把雨傘吧,以防下雨。

    (You ‘d better take an umbrella in case it rains. )

    c.已經(jīng)快七點(diǎn)種了,他怎么還沒有到?

    ( It is nearly seven o ‘clock now , why hasn ’t he arrived yet?)

    d.一定不要忘記離家前父母對你所說的話。

    (Remember what your said to you before you left home.)

    有時,英語的動名詞需要加上其邏輯主語才能顯得意思完整:e. His father-in-law doesn‘t appreciate his smoking cigarette so heavily.(他的岳父對他抽這么多的煙很不以為然。)

    3.加賓語她媽媽說,他們應(yīng)該帶孩子一起去參加馬麗的生日晚會。

    (Her mother said that they should bring their baby with them to Mary ‘s birthdayparty.)

    4.有時需要加上語氣詞:There were no houses whatsoever when we crossed the marshlandson the Long March , we just slept where we could.(我們長征時根本就沒房子住,隨便找個地方就睡下了。)

    The audience was not interested at all(in any sense) in his long and boring speech.(觀眾對他那又臭又長的講話一點(diǎn)都不感興趣。)

    減詞:

    I.和一些單詞有關(guān)系的減詞法1.省略“范疇”詞:先看下面的例子:a.系里的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)來找他做說服工作。

    (The leader of the department came to him to the undertake the persuasion)

    b.這次考試不及格,使他深切認(rèn)識到寫好作文在學(xué)習(xí)英文中的重要性。

    (The failure of this exam made him aware of the importance of writing in learningEnglish.)

    c.這本書的目的是改進(jìn)學(xué)生們的理解能力。

    II. 表示邏輯關(guān)系上的減詞:1.省去句子的主要結(jié)構(gòu)只保留關(guān)聯(lián)詞:a. The store manager mayadvise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so , the consumer should do this, statingthe complaint as politely and as firmly as possible.(商店的老板會建議顧客給制造商寫信。要真是這樣的話,顧客應(yīng)該盡量把投訴書寫的禮貌些、措辭更堅(jiān)定一些。)

    b. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the experthimself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty. (可是不這樣,有能有什么別的更好的辦法呢?知識的范圍如此廣袤,一旦越出其專業(yè)范圍,連老師也會變得一無所知。)

    c. It must be admitted, that every nation has its strong points. If not, how can itsurvive ?

    (每個民族都有它的優(yōu)點(diǎn),不然,怎么可以生存下來?)

    2.省去主語:d. When completed , this bridge will be the largest in Asia. (這座橋一旦竣工將是亞洲最大的。)

    e. In some organization , important papers , letters, speeches , documents, etc,are kept on file so that they can be easily obtained when needed. (在許多組織里,重要的文件、信函、演講材料、檔案都保存在文件夾里,以便需要時很容易查到。)

翻譯時句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換: 英譯漢時,有時為了通順,往往需要將原文的某一句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯成另一部分進(jìn)行句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換:非主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語:定語譯為主語a. If there should be any last-minute change in the sialing time, we’ll contact you by telephone.開船時間假如臨時有更改,我們會用電話通知你。(狀語譯為主語)b. In many countries, free-port areas or foreign-trade zones have been established, where foreign merchants need not pay tariffs fort their unloaded goods if the goods remain within these areas or zones. 許多國家都建立了自由港和保稅區(qū),在那里,外國商人只要是在本區(qū)內(nèi),未卸船的貨物可以不納稅。         c. The average temperature in summeris as hight as 35C. One can not be pleasant living in that place.夏天的平均溫度高達(dá)攝氏35C,生活在那里不可能舒服。d. A good many new books were published by the Foreign Language Press last year. 外文出版社去年出版了許多新書。

謂語譯為主語e. When a material is stressed byong the elastic limit a permaent deformation results.當(dāng)一種材料的應(yīng)力超過彈性極限時,就會產(chǎn)生永久變形。表語譯為主語f. Television is different from radio in that its sends and receives pictures.電視和無線電的不同點(diǎn)在于電視能收發(fā)圖象。 賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語g. The wise buyer finds ways to make sure that wrong thinking is not allowed to interfere with careful planning in this purchases。 (明智的購買者盡量做到購買時不讓錯誤的想法干擾。) His father flew into rage with what he had done. (他的所作所為讓他的父親大為光火。)

被動 語態(tài) 一般是,主謂語的位子翻譯成漢語時需要顛倒,即原來的主語作賓語:h.Drastic action must be taken if they want to reduce traffic accidents and air pollution.(如果他們想減少交通事故和污染,就必須迅速采取措施。)i. I was totally upset by what he did in the exam. (他考試時的表現(xiàn)確實(shí)讓我很擔(dān)心。)j Asia was passed over by the industrial revolution.(工業(yè)革命沒有光顧亞洲。)

譯成帶“是”的結(jié)構(gòu):k. We were moved to tears by the fact that he came to the meeting in spite of his illness. (最讓我感激涕零的是,他帶病堅(jiān)持來開會。)譯成: “由”“把”,“使”等字引導(dǎo)的句子:l. His mother was dismissed due to the fact that she couldn’t type fast enough. ( 老板把他的媽媽給解雇了,因?yàn)樗蜃植粔蚩臁?m. She was worried ,because her son had written for a long time.( 她兒子很長時間沒給她寫信了,這可把她給擔(dān)心壞 了。)n. Wind is caused by air moving between cold and warm region. (風(fēng)是由冷暖地區(qū)流動著的空氣引起的。)

非謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語:The new rule is applicable to foreigners.這一項(xiàng)新規(guī)定適用與外國人。(表語譯為謂語)There is a need for improvement in your study habits你的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣需要改進(jìn)(主語譯為謂語)

非賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語: 主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語a. After he was elected chairman of the committee, Mr. Smith was found working in the lab early in the morning.(史密斯當(dāng)選以后, 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他一大早就到辦公室工作了。)b. Much progress has been made in computer science in less than a century.c. 不到一個世紀(jì),計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)取得了很大進(jìn)步。(主語譯為賓語)How much risk does internationalizaion contain for national identity?(一個國家會在國際化中會有喪失自己的危險嗎?)

主語譯為賓語,狀語譯為主語The amounht of energy thus lost can be considerably reduced and the life of the macnine prolonged by careful lubrication. 小心加以潤滑能大大地減少這樣所損失的能量并延長機(jī)器壽命。

狀語譯為賓語Materials to be used for strutural prupose are chosen so as too behave elastically in the environmental condition.結(jié)構(gòu)上用的材料必須選擇得使它們在周圍環(huán)境條件下具有彈性。

非定語轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語主語譯為定語a. The service university is characterized by several features: the existence of professional schools, short tailor-made course, contracting of services and funding by contracts. (大學(xué)提供服務(wù)的主要特征有以下幾點(diǎn):建立職業(yè)學(xué)校、短期培訓(xùn)學(xué)校以及提供服務(wù)與資助之間的合同簽定等。 )b. The satellite system use this device in varied forms.衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)上的這種裝置有各種不同的形狀。(

賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語c. His speech on the current international economic situation produce the profound influence on research work of that subject. (他的關(guān)于目前國際經(jīng)濟(jì)形式的講話,對我們的研究工作產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。

狀語譯為定語d. In his composition he made few spelling mistakes.他在作文中的拼寫錯誤很少。

主語譯為定語,謂語譯為主語The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.這一通訊系統(tǒng)的主要特征是容易維修。 非狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯為狀語

賓語補(bǔ)足語譯為狀語a. Don’t you see it was just in fun ? You got it all wrong.你沒看出那不過是開開玩笑嗎?你完全誤解了。The professor showed her much attention and gave her some private coaching.教授對她很關(guān)心,給他一些個別輔導(dǎo)。(定語譯為狀語)

主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語b. After that, his youthful indifference to studies and his unwillingness to think of a nonsports career caught up with him.(在那之后,由于他年輕時候?qū)W(xué)習(xí)毫不關(guān)心,以及不愿意考慮與運(yùn)動無關(guān)的事情,他終于得到了報應(yīng)。)

定語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語c. We need a dialogue which promotes our mutual responsibility to the international community.

(我們需要對話來推進(jìn)我們兩國對國際社會所應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。)d. We need a dialogue that prevents any single issue form holdi

分享到: 編輯:環(huán)球青藤

資料下載 精選課程 老師直播 真題練習(xí)

自學(xué)考試資格查詢

自學(xué)考試歷年真題下載 更多

自學(xué)考試每日一練 打卡日歷

0
累計(jì)打卡
0
打卡人數(shù)
去打卡

預(yù)計(jì)用時3分鐘

自學(xué)考試各地入口
環(huán)球網(wǎng)校移動課堂APP 直播、聽課。職達(dá)未來!

安卓版

下載

iPhone版

下載

返回頂部